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Java 开发规范,包含命名约定、异常处理、Spring Boot 最佳实践等

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Updated 2/5/2026

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SKILL.md

Java 开发规范

参考来源: Google Java Style Guide、阿里巴巴 Java 开发手册


工具链

# Maven
mvn clean compile                    # 编译
mvn test                             # 运行测试
mvn verify                           # 运行所有检查

# Gradle
./gradlew build                      # 构建
./gradlew test                       # 运行测试

命名约定

类型规则示例
包名全小写,域名反转com.example.project
类名大驼峰,名词/名词短语UserService, HttpClient
方法名小驼峰,动词开头findById, isValid
常量全大写下划线分隔MAX_RETRY_COUNT
布尔返回值is/has/can 前缀isActive(), hasPermission()

类成员顺序

public class Example {
    // 1. 静态常量
    public static final String CONSTANT = "value";

    // 2. 静态变量
    private static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Example.class);

    // 3. 实例变量
    private Long id;

    // 4. 构造函数
    public Example() { }

    // 5. 静态方法
    public static Example create() { return new Example(); }

    // 6. 实例方法(公共 → 私有)
    public void doSomething() { }
    private void helperMethod() { }

    // 7. getter/setter(或使用 Lombok)
}

异常处理

// ✅ 好:捕获具体异常,添加上下文
try {
    user = userRepository.findById(id);
} catch (DataAccessException e) {
    throw new ServiceException("Failed to find user: " + id, e);
}

// ✅ 好:资源自动关闭
try (InputStream is = new FileInputStream(file)) {
    // 使用资源
}

// ❌ 差:捕获过宽
catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }

空值处理

// ✅ 使用 Optional
public Optional<User> findById(Long id) {
    return userRepository.findById(id);
}

// ✅ 参数校验
public void updateUser(User user) {
    Objects.requireNonNull(user, "user must not be null");
}

// ✅ 安全的空值处理
String name = Optional.ofNullable(user)
    .map(User::getName)
    .orElse("Unknown");

并发编程

// ✅ 使用 ExecutorService
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
Future<Result> future = executor.submit(() -> doWork());

// ✅ 使用 CompletableFuture
CompletableFuture<User> future = CompletableFuture
    .supplyAsync(() -> findUser(id))
    .thenApply(user -> enrichUser(user));

// ❌ 差:直接创建线程
new Thread(() -> doWork()).start();

测试规范 (JUnit 5)

class UserServiceTest {
    @Test
    @DisplayName("根据 ID 查找用户 - 用户存在时返回用户")
    void findById_whenUserExists_returnsUser() {
        // given
        when(userRepository.findById(1L)).thenReturn(Optional.of(expected));

        // when
        Optional<User> result = userService.findById(1L);

        // then
        assertThat(result).isPresent();
        assertThat(result.get().getName()).isEqualTo("test");
    }
}

Spring Boot 规范

// ✅ 构造函数注入
@Service
@RequiredArgsConstructor
public class UserService {
    private final UserRepository userRepository;
    private final EmailService emailService;
}

// ✅ REST Controller
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
public class UserController {
    @GetMapping("/{id}")
    public ResponseEntity<UserDto> findById(@PathVariable Long id) {
        return userService.findById(id)
            .map(ResponseEntity::ok)
            .orElse(ResponseEntity.notFound().build());
    }
}

性能优化

陷阱解决方案
N+1 查询使用 JOIN FETCH 或批量查询
循环拼接字符串使用 StringBuilder
频繁装箱拆箱使用原始类型流
未指定集合初始容量new ArrayList<>(size)

日志规范

// ✅ 参数化日志
log.debug("Finding user by id: {}", userId);
log.info("User {} logged in successfully", username);
log.error("Failed to process order {}", orderId, exception);

// ❌ 差:字符串拼接
log.debug("Finding user by id: " + userId);

详细参考

文件内容
references/java-style.md命名约定、异常处理、Spring Boot、测试规范
references/collections.md不可变集合(Guava)、字符串分割
references/concurrency.md线程池配置、CompletableFuture 超时
references/code-patterns.md卫语句、枚举优化、策略工厂模式

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AI Quality Score

95/100Analyzed 2/12/2026

A comprehensive and highly actionable Java development guide covering naming conventions, exception handling, Spring Boot patterns, and concurrency. It provides clear 'good vs bad' code examples and standard build commands.

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Metadata

Licenseunknown
Versionv3.0
Updated2/5/2026
Publishermajiayu000

Tags

apici-cdtesting