Formal Spec

Purpose

Extract properties from a system design, define state variables, write TLA+ specifications, identify invariants, configure the TLC model checker, and document assumptions and limitations.

Scope Constraints

Reads system designs, protocol descriptions, and existing specifications. Produces TLA+ specification files as output. Does not execute model checkers or modify implementation code.

Inputs

• System design or protocol description to formalize
• Security properties that should hold (informally stated)
• Concurrency model (number of processes, shared state, communication mechanism)
• Scope constraints (bounded checking parameters)
• Existing informal specification or documentation

Input Sanitization

No user-provided values are used in commands or file paths. All inputs are treated as read-only analysis targets.

Procedure

Progress Checklist

• Step 1: Extract properties from design
• Step 2: Define state variables
• Step 3: Write TLA+ specification
• Step 4: Identify invariants
• Step 5: Configure model checker
• Step 6: Document assumptions and limitations

Step 1: Extract Properties from Design

Translate informal requirements into candidate formal properties:

• Safety properties: "Bad thing never happens" — e.g., "No two processes hold the lock simultaneously"
• Liveness properties: "Good thing eventually happens" — e.g., "Every request eventually gets a response"
• Security properties: "Unauthorized access never occurs" — e.g., "A process at EL0 never reads EL1 memory"
• Classify each property as safety (invariant) or liveness (temporal)
• Identify the state variables each property depends on

Step 2: Define State Variables

Define the formal state space:

• Enumerate all state variables (process states, shared variables, message channels)
• Define the type/domain of each variable
• Specify the initial state (Init predicate)
• Identify which variables are shared vs. local to each process
• Define the granularity of state transitions (atomic actions)

Step 3: Write TLA+ Specification

Produce a TLA+ module:

• Module declaration with EXTENDS (Integers, Sequences, FiniteSets, TLC)
• Constants for parameterizable bounds (NUM_PROCESSES, MAX_VALUE, etc.)
• Variables with type invariant
• Init predicate defining initial state
• Next predicate as disjunction of all possible actions
• Actions as individual state transitions with enabling conditions and effects
• Fairness conditions if liveness properties require them

Step 4: Identify Invariants

Define the key invariants to check:

• Type invariant (state variables stay within their domains)
• Safety invariants (extracted from Step 1)
• Security invariants (access control, information flow, integrity)
• Structural invariants (data structure consistency)
• Express each invariant as a TLA+ state predicate

Step 5: Configure Model Checker

Set up TLC model checking configuration:

• Define model constants (specific values for CONSTANTS)
• Set state constraint (bound the state space for feasibility)
• Select invariants and temporal properties to check
• Configure symmetry sets to reduce state space
• Estimate state space size and checking time
• Document what the bounded check covers and what it does not

Step 6: Document Assumptions and Limitations

Explicitly state:

• Environmental assumptions (fair scheduling, reliable channels, bounded processes)
• Abstraction choices (what was simplified or omitted from the model)
• Bounded verification limits (the check covers N=3 processes, not N=arbitrary)
• What a successful check guarantees and what it does not
• Recommendations for increasing confidence (larger bounds, different abstractions, proof)

Compaction resilience: If context was lost during a long session, re-read the Inputs section to reconstruct what system is being analyzed, check the Progress Checklist for completed steps, then resume from the earliest incomplete step.

Output Format

Property Table

TLA+ Specification

---- MODULE [Name] ----
EXTENDS Integers, Sequences, FiniteSets, TLC

CONSTANTS NUM_PROCS

VARIABLES state, shared

vars == <<state, shared>>

TypeInvariant == ...

Init == ...

Action1(p) == ...

Next == \E p \in 1..NUM_PROCS: Action1(p) \/ ...

Spec == Init /\ [][Next]_vars /\ Fairness

====

Model Checking Configuration

• Constants: NUM_PROCS = 3
• State constraint: [Bound description]
• Invariants checked: [List]
• Estimated states: [N]
• Estimated time: [T]

Assumptions and Limitations

• [Limitation 1]: [What is not covered]

Handoff

• Hand off to invariant-analysis if additional security claims need enumeration before specification.
• Hand off to the requesting department for implementation of verified properties.

Quality Checks

• All informal security properties formalized as TLA+ predicates
• State variables fully defined with types and initial values
• Actions cover all possible state transitions
• Invariants include both type invariant and security invariants
• Model checker configured with reasonable bounds
• State space is feasible to check (or bounds are documented)
• Assumptions and limitations are explicitly documented
• Fairness conditions specified if liveness properties are checked

Evolution Notes