OCaml Testing

Core Philosophy

1. Unit Tests First: Prioritize unit tests for individual modules.
2. 1:1 Test Coverage: Every lib/*.ml should have test/test_*.ml.
3. Isolated Tests: Each test independent, no external state.
4. Clear Names: Describe what is tested, not how.

Test Organization

project/
├── lib/
│   ├── user.ml
│   └── auth.ml
├── test/
│   ├── dune
│   ├── test.ml           # Main runner
│   ├── test_user.ml      # Tests for user.ml
│   └── test_auth.ml      # Tests for auth.ml
└── third_party/          # Fetched sources for reference

Rules:

• Test file test_foo.ml tests library module foo.ml
• Every test module exports suite : string * unit Alcotest.test_case list
• Main test.ml aggregates all suites

Basic Test Structure

(* test/test_user.ml *)
let test_create () =
  let user = User.create ~name:"Alice" in
  Alcotest.(check string) "name" "Alice" (User.name user)

let test_validate_empty () =
  let result = User.create ~name:"" in
  Alcotest.(check bool) "fails" true (Result.is_error result)

let suite = ("user", [
  "create", `Quick, test_create;
  "validate_empty", `Quick, test_validate_empty;
])

(* test/test.ml *)
let () = Alcotest.run "MyProject" [
  Test_user.suite;
  Test_auth.suite;
]

Test Naming

• Suite names: lowercase, single word ("user", "auth")
• Case names: lowercase with underscores ("create", "parse_error")

Dune Configuration

(test
 (name test)
 (libraries mylib alcotest))

For Eio-based libraries:

(test
 (name test)
 (libraries mylib alcotest eio_main eio.mock))

Testing with Eio Mocks

Prefer mocks for deterministic, fast tests.

let test_with_mock_clock () =
  Eio_mock.Backend.run @@ fun () ->
  let clock = Eio_mock.Clock.make () in
  Eio_mock.Clock.advance clock 1.0;
  Alcotest.(check bool) "advanced" true true

let test_with_mock_flow () =
  Eio_mock.Backend.run @@ fun () ->
  let flow = Eio_mock.Flow.make "test" in
  Eio_mock.Flow.on_read flow [
    `Return "data";
    `Raise End_of_file;
  ];
  (* test with flow *)

Mock modules: Eio_mock.Backend, Eio_mock.Clock, Eio_mock.Flow, Eio_mock.Net, Eio_mock.Fs

Cram Tests (End-to-End)

For CLI/executable testing. Use directories ending in .t/.

test/
└── my_feature.t/
    ├── run.t           # Test script
    └── input.txt       # Real test files (not cat << EOF)

Rules:

• Create actual files in directory, don't embed with cat > file << EOF
• Test the compiled executable behaviour
• Use for integration/CLI tests, not unit tests

Coverage Checklist

For each module:

• Test all public functions from .mli
• Test success cases
• Test error cases
• Test edge cases (empty, max values, invalid input)

Running Tests

dune runtest              # Run all tests
dune runtest --verbose    # Verbose output
dune exec test/test.exe   # Run specific test
dune test --instrument-with bisect_ppx  # With coverage

Best Practices

1. Prefer mocks over real I/O - Fast, deterministic
2. Test edge cases - Empty, max, invalid
3. One assertion per test when practical
4. Clean up resources - Even in tests
5. Keep integration tests minimal - Most should be unit tests